NUNEZ, Rafael, president of Colombia, born in Carthagena, 28 September, 1825; died in the same city in 1904. He was graduated at the university of his native city in 1850, and began his political career in 1851, being elected to congress for the province of Panama. In 1853 he was appointed to a cabinet office by General Obando, but, disagreeing with the policy of the administration, soon resigned and joined the opposition. From 1855 till 1857 he was secretary of the treasury under President Mallarino. He was afterward elected to the senate, and was founder and editor of " El Porvenir," of Carthagena, and connected with "La Democracia" and other journals of Bogota. In 1861-'2 he was secretary of the treasury under Gen. Mosquera, and in 1863 he was elected to the convention of Rio Negro, which decreed the new Federal constitution. He then left Columbia and resided for some time in he was chief editor of "El Continental," in which paper he warmly defended the cause of the Union, and the independence of Mexico and Santo Domingo. From 1865 till 1874 he lived in Europe and filled the post, of Colombian consul in Havre and Liverpool, writing during this time series of interesting articles for the "Diario Oficial" of Bogota, "El National" of Lima, and "E1 Federal" of Caracas, under the pen-name of David de Olmedo, which became widely known throughout Spanish America for their style, sound philosophy, and practical spirit of observation. While he was in Europe he was elected senator. He returned to Colombia in 1875, and in the same year was proclaimed a candidate for the presidency by the majority of the Liberal party and many members of the Conservative party, but, though favored by the popular vote at the polls, he was defeated through the machinations of the party in power. At the end of 1875 he was elected governor of the state of Bolivar, the assembly of that state elected him to the senate in 1878, and in April of the same year he became secretary of the treasury and public works under General Trujillo, but resigned after three months. In 1879 he was again proclaimed a candidate for the presidency and was elected. During his term of office from 1880 till 1882 he remodeled the administration of public affairs, promoted the construction of railroads, and increased political harmony by giving the Conservative party participation in the government. He restored friendly relations with Spain, which had never recognized the independence of Colombia, and a treaty of commerce with that nation was signed in Paris.

He was succeeded in 1882 by Dr. Zaldua, who soon died, and the executive was occupied provisionally by Dr. Jose E. Otalora, but in September, 1883, Dr. Nuñez was re-elected by a large majority, His second administration began in April, 1884, but, having committed himself and his party to constitutional reforms, he was soon confronted by a rebellion in several states. That of Panama was suppressed only by the intervention of United States troops for the protection of transit on the isthmus, which had been guaranteed by the United States government. When finally peace was restored in August, 1885, Nuñez said in a speech to the people of the capital, "The rebellion is ended and the revolution begins; the constitution of 1863 is no more." A convention of delegates met, and a new constitution, adopting the central form of government, was framed, by which the nine states were reduced to the rank of departments under the immediate control of the central authority. Nuñez was re-elected president for a term of six years, to begin in September, 1886. During 1887 his stringent measures against the press, and his banishment of many of the opposition leaders, caused much discontent. On 12 December he left Bogota for Cartagena, and the vice-president, Eliseo Payan, assumed the executive. Nuñez is a brilliant writer and keeps abreast of the most advanced philosophical movements of the century. His favorite authors are John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. As a poet he has enriched Spanish literature with many compositions, of which the most famous are "Que sais-je," "Dulce Ignorancia," "Todavia, and "Moises." His works include "Ensayos de Critica Social " (Rouen, 1876); and " La Reforma Politica en Colombia" (Bogota, 1885). A collection of his political articles that appeared in 1881-'4 has been issued in book-form, and a collection of his poems was published by Rafael M. Merchan, under the title of "Versos de Rafael Nuñez" (Bogota, 1885). He wrote the lyrics for the Columbian national Anthem, “Oh Gloria Inmarcesible!”

NUNEZ, Rafael, president of Colombia, born in Carthagena, 28 September, 18.5. He was graduated at the university of his native city in 1850, and began his political career in 1851, being elected to congress for the province of Panama. In 1853 he was appointed to a cabinet office by General Obando, but, disagreeing with the policy of the administration, soon resigned and joined the opposition. From 1855 till 1857 he was secretary of the treasury under President Mallarino. He was afterward elected to the senate, and was founder and editor of " El Dorvenir," of Carthagena, and connected with "La Democracia" and other journals of Bogota. In 1861-'2 he was secretary of the treasury under Gem Mosquera, and in 1863 he was elected to the convention of Rio Negro, which decreed the new Federal constitution. He then left Columbia and resided for some time in he was chief editor of " El Continental," in which paper he warmly defended the cause of the Union, and the independence of Mexico and Santo Domingo. From 1865 till 1874 he lived in Europe and filled the post, of Colombian consul in Havre and Liverpool, writing during this time series of interesting articles for the " Diario Oficial " of Bogota, " El National" of Liana, and "E1 Federal" of Caracas, under the pen-name of David de olmedo, which became widely known throughout Spanish America for their style, sound philosophy, and practical spirit of observation. While he was in Europe he was elected senator. He returned to Colombia in 1875, and in the same year was proclaimed a candidate for the presidency by the majority of the Liberal party and many members of the Conservative party, but, though favored by the popular vote at the polls, he was defeated through the machinations of the party in power. At the end of 1875 he was elected governor of the state of Bolivar, the assembly of that state elected him to the senate in 1878, and in April of the same year he became secretary of the treasury and public works under General Trujtllo, but resigned after three months. In 1879 he was again proclaimed a candidate for the presidency and was elected. During his term of office from 1880 till 1882 he remodelled the administration of public affairs, promoted the construction of railroads, and increased political harmony by giving the Conservative party participation in the government. He restored friendly relations with Spain, which had never recognized the independence of Colombia, and a treaty of commerce with that nation was signed in Paris. He was succeeded in 1882 by Dr. Zaldua, who soon died, and the executive was occupied provisionally by Dr. Jose E. Otalora, but in September, 1883, Dr. Nunez was re-elected by a large majority, His second administration began in April, 1884, but, having committed himself and his party to constitutional reforms, he was soon confronted by a rebellion in several states. That of Panama was suppressed only by the intervention of United States troops for the protection of transit on the isthmus, which had been guaranteed by the United States government. When finally peace was restored in August, 1885. Nuinez said in a speech to the people of the capital" " The rebellion is ended and the revolution begins" the constitution of 1863 is no more." A convention of delegates met, and a new constitution, adopting the central form of government, was framed, by which the nine states were reduced to the rank of departments under the immediate control of the central authority. Nufiez was re-elected president for a term of six years, to begin in September, 1886. During 1887 his stringent measures against the press, and his banishment of many of the opposition leaders, caused much discontent. On 12 December he left Bogota for Cartagena, and the vice-president, Eliseo Payan, assumed the executive. Nunez is a brilliant writer and keeps abreast of the most advanced philosophical movements of the century. His favorite authors are John Stuart Mill mid Herbert Spencer. As a poet he has enriched Spanish literature with many compositions, of which the most famous are "Que sais-je," "Dulce Ignorancia," "Todavia, and " Moises." His works include "Ensayos de Critica Social " (Rouen, 1876); and " La Reforma Politica en Colombia" (Bogota, 18s5). A collection of his political articles that appeared in 1881-'4 has been issued in book-form, and a collection of his poems was published by Rafael M. Merchan, under the title of "Versos de Rafael Nunez" (Bogota, 1885).

NUÑEZ, Rafael, president of Colombia, born in Carthagena, 28 September, 1825. He was graduated at the university of his native city in 1850, and began his political career in 1851, being elected to congress for the province of Panama. In 1853 he was appointed to a cabinet office by General Obando, but, disagreeing with the policy of the administration, soon resigned and joined the opposition.

From 1855 till 1857 he was secretary of the treasury under President Mallarino. He was afterward elected to the senate, and was founder and editor of "El Porvenir," of Carthagena, and connected with "La Democracia" and other journals of Bogotá. In 1861-'2 he was secretary of the treasury under Gen. Mosquera, and in 1863 he was elected to the convention of Rio Negro, which decreed the new Federal constitution. He then left Columbia and resided for some time in […..] He was chief editor of "El Continental," in which paper he warmly defended the cause of the Union, and the independence of Mexico and Santo Domingo.

From 1865 till 1874 he lived in Europe and filled the post of Colombian consul in Havre and Liverpool, writing during this time a series of interesting articles for the "Diario Oficial" of Bogota, "El National" of Lima, and "E1 Federal" of Caracas, under the pen-name of David de Olmedo, which became widely known throughout Spanish America for their style, sound philosophy, and practical spirit of observation.

While he was in Europe he was elected senator. He returned to Colombia in 1875, and in the same year was proclaimed a candidate for the presidency by the majority of the Liberal party and many members of the Conservative party, but, though favored by the popular vote at the polls, he was defeated through the machinations of the party in power.

At the end of 1875 he was elected governor of the state of Bolivar. The assembly of that state elected him to the senate in 1878, and in April of the same year he became secretary of the treasury and public works under General Trujillo, but resigned after three months.

In 1879 he was again proclaimed a candidate for the presidency and was elected. During his term of office from 1880 till 1882 he remodeled the administration of public affairs, promoted the construction of railroads, and increased political harmony by giving the Conservative party participation in the government. He restored friendly relations with Spain, which had never recognized the independence of Colombia, and a treaty of commerce with that nation was signed in Paris.

He was succeeded in 1882 by Dr. Zaldua, who soon died, and the executive was occupied provisionally by Dr. José E. Otalora, but in September, 1883, Dr. Nuñez was re-elected by a large majority, His second administration began in April, 1884, but, having committed himself and his party to constitutional reforms, he was soon confronted by a rebellion in several states. That of Panama was suppressed only by the intervention of United States troops for the protection of transit on the isthmus, which had been guaranteed by the United States government.

When finally peace was restored in August, 1885, Nuñez said in a speech to the people of the capital, "The rebellion is ended and the revolution begins; the constitution of 1863 is no more." A convention of delegates met, and a new constitution, adopting the central form of government, was framed, by which the nine states were reduced to the rank of departments under the immediate control of the central authority. Nuñez was re-elected president for a term of six years, to begin in September, 1886.

During 1887 his stringent measures against the press, and his banishment of many of the opposition leaders, caused much discontent. On 12 December he left Bogotá for Cartagena, and the vice-president, Eliseo Payan, assumed the executive.

Nuñez is a brilliant writer and keeps abreast of the most advanced philosophical movements of the century. His favorite authors are John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. As a poet he has enriched Spanish literature with many compositions, of which the most famous are "Que sais-je," "Dulce Ignorancia," "Todavia,” and "Moises." His works include "Ensayos de Critica Social" (Rouen, 1876); and "La Reforma Política en Colombia" (Bogotá, 1885). A collection of his political articles that appeared in 1881-'4 has been issued in book-form, and a collection of his poems was published by Rafael M. Merchan, under the title of "Versos de Rafael Nuñez" (Bogotá, 1885).

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